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21.
The Middle Devonian Winnipegosis carbonate unit in south‐central Saskatchewan is partially to completely dolomitized. Two major types of replacive dolomite are distinguished. Microcrystalline to finely crystalline dolomite (type 1) displays nonplanar‐a to planar‐s textures, mimetically replaces the precursor limestone, accounts for about four‐fifths of dolomite phases volumetrically, and mainly occurs in the Winnipegosis mounds and the Lower Winnipegosis Member directly underlying the mounds. Medium crystalline dolomite (type 2) shows planar‐s to planar‐e textures, commonly occurs in the Lower Winnipegosis and Brightholme members, and decreases upward in abundance. The 87Sr/86Sr ratios of type 1 dolomite (0·70795 to 0·70807) fall within the estimated Sr‐isotopic range for Middle Devonian marine carbonates. Stratigraphic, petrographic and geochemical data constrain the formation of type 1 dolomite to hypersaline sea water in a near‐surface environment, after marine cementation and sub‐aerial diagenesis and prior to precipitation of the Middle Devonian Leofnard salts. Movement of dolomitizing fluids could be driven by density differences and elevation head. The shift to lower δ18O values of type 1 dolomite [?7·4 to ?5·1‰ Vienna Pee Dee Belemnite (VPDB)] is interpreted as the result of recrystallization at elevated temperatures during burial. Type 2 dolomite has higher 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0·70809–0·70928), suggesting that the dolomite probably formed from basinal fluids with an increased richness in the radiogenic Sr isotope. In type 2 dolomite, Sr2+ concentrations are lower, and Fe2+ and Mn2+ concentrations are higher, compared with the associated limestone and type 1 dolomite. Type 2 dolomite is interpreted as having been formed from upward‐migrating basinal fluids during latest Devonian and Carboniferous period. 相似文献
22.
The Zaldívar porphyry copper deposit, Northern Chile, consists of two major intrusions, the 290 Ma Zaldívar, and the more recent Miocene (38.7 Ma) Llamo porphyry. Five types of inclusions have been identified in quartz phenocrysts from Llamo porphyry, including melt inclusions (M), and four types of fluid inclusions, called MS (multi solids), B (brines), G (vapor-rich) and W (aqueous), respectively.Melt remnants, well preserved as M-inclusions, homogenize around 1000 °C. They show a rhyolitic composition, comparable to the most evolved acidic rhyolitic end member found elsewhere in the regional magmatism and to worldwide volcanic rhyolitic glass. High silica content in some inclusions can, however, be due to partial remelting of the quartz host during the heating run. Copper content in the same inclusions ranges between 0.03 and 0.57 wt.%, with an average concentration of 0.10 wt.%, suggesting a major magmatic source for the copper (orthomagmatic model).MS inclusions, which contain a number of solids at room temperature, mostly H2O-bearing phases (system NaCl–KCl–((Fe, Mg, Cu)Cl)–H2O, average salinity 70 wt.% NaCl equiv.), homogenize at magmatic temperatures (around 1000 °C). They represent the first fluids to have exsolved from the magma at depth, at a pressure of about 2 kbar. Their high homogenization temperature, comparable to values measured for melt inclusions (1000 to 1050 °C), may indicate trapping of MS and M inclusions in host phenocrysts from an immiscible mixture of silicate melt and highly saline fluids expelled from the magma during the early stage of quartz crystallization.The data indicate a magmatic origin for copper, as well as extremely high melt temperatures. These features are interpreted by magmatic differentiation of mantle-derived primitive melts, corresponding to major changes in the tectonic regime of the Andean margin, which occurred in Miocene times. 相似文献
23.
The variable salinity of fluid venting from mid-ocean ridges is indicative of mixing between hydrothermal seawater and fluids that have undergone supercritical phase separation. In order to study the stability of a brine-saturated layer that may form in the lowermost part of the hydrothermal system, we have performed numerical simulations of a system that has returned into the subcritical regime. For typical geological parameters, it is shown that the interface between the brine layer and the overlying fluids is not very stable, but vanishes by one of two dynamical mechanisms: convective breakdown or vertical migration. This contradicts the conventional picture of a steady, layered convective system in which the brine is depleted only by dispersion and diffusion across the interface. The depletion mechanism depends on the fluid-dynamical stability of the brine layer. Convection within the brine layer results either in the convective breakdown (for low excess salinity of the brine, as compared to seawater) or the upward migration of the interface (for higher excess salinities). Consequently, the depletion times are much shorter than for models with pure dispersion/diffusion across the interface. If the brine layer is static, high-chlorinity liquid is entrained slowly by the convecting overlying fluids, leading to downward migration of the interface. This gradual depletion of the brine layer results in almost constant vent salinities, in agreement with measured salinities of chronic high-chlorinity vents. 相似文献
24.
Natural fluid phases at high temperatures and low pressures 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Gas phases at low pressures and high (magmatic) temperatures have certain peculiar properties. The fluid is mainly water vapour, which is usually observed during discharging of crystal magmatic melts. At >700°C and <100 bar these peculiar properties include: formation of near ‘dry' salt melts as second fluid phase, very strong fractionation of hydrolysis products between vapour and melts, subvalence state of metals during transport processes, and high sensitivity of the gas to conditions of sublimate precipitation. Phase diagram analysis as well as results of field and laboratory experiments are presented in this article. The processes could be a model for industrial technologies to clean wastes from toxic, rare and heavy metals. Transport forms of some elements in volcanic gases are very similar to the species which were formed first in the protosolar nebula. 相似文献
25.
识别海相碳酸盐岩台地深部的成盐聚钾层段,主要依靠测井解译和钻井取芯验证。连续沉积的碳酸盐岩台地具有旋 回性,记录着海相碳酸盐岩随古海平面旋回变化的信息。因此,利用测井数据模拟台地高频沉积旋回叠加样式,反演古海 平面旋回,寻找海退地层序列的低水位沉积体系,进而快速锁定成盐聚钾层段的方法值得探索。文中以四川盆地川中广安 地区三叠系为例,以等间距连续测量的自然伽马测井数据为对象,运用数值模拟技术,有效识别了三叠纪沉积时期的高频 沉积旋回,并根据高频沉积旋回的累积厚度偏差变化,反演了古海平面的变化趋势,判断广安地区嘉陵江组 5 段至雷口坡 组 1 段第 1 亚段沉积期,相对海平面长期处于较低水位,是最有利的成盐聚钾期,这与基于钻井岩芯划分的富钾层段极为吻 合,表明这种方法能够有效识别碳酸盐岩台地含钾层段。 相似文献
26.
Nejib JEMMALI Fouad SOUISSI Torsten W. VENNEMANN Emmanuel John M. CARRANZA 《Resource Geology》2011,61(4):367-383
The Jebel Ressas Pb–Zn deposits in North‐Eastern Tunisia occur mainly as open‐space fillings (lodes, tectonic breccia cements) in bioclastic limestones of the Upper Jurassic Ressas Formation and along the contact of this formation with Triassic rocks. The galena–sphalerite association and their alteration products (cerussite, hemimorphite, hydrozincite) are set within a calcite gangue. The Triassic rocks exhibit enrichments in trace metals, namely Pb, Co and Cd enrichment in clays and Pb, Zn, Cd, Co and Cr enrichment in carbonates, suggesting that the Triassic rocks have interacted with the ore‐bearing fluids associated with the Jebel Ressas Pb–Zn deposits. The δ18O content of calcite associated with the Pb–Zn mineralization suggests that it is likely to have precipitated from a fluid that was in equilibrium with the Triassic dolostones. The δ34S values in galenas from the Pb–Zn deposits range from ?1.5 to +11.4‰, with an average of 5.9‰ and standard deviation of 3.9‰. These data imply mixing of thermochemically‐reduced heavy sulfur carried in geothermal‐ and fault‐stress‐driven deep‐seated source fluid with bacterially‐reduced light sulfur carried in topography‐driven meteoric fluid. Lead isotope ratios in galenas from the Pb–Zn deposits are homogenous and indicate a single upper crustal source of base‐metals for these deposits. Synthesis of the geochemical data with geological data suggests that the base‐metal mineralization at Jebel Ressas was formed during the Serravallian–Tortonian (or Middle–Late Miocene) Alpine compressional tectonics. 相似文献
27.
艾蒂克铜-金矿床位于瑞典北部的耶利瓦拉市,为欧洲年产量最大的露采铜-金矿床。铜-金矿体与中元古代斑状石英二长闪长岩体具有密切的时空分布关系。铜-金矿化主要在古元古代瑞(典)芬(兰)火山沉积岩系和侵入岩脉(墙或株)内呈脉状、网脉状及细脉浸染状产出,并构成似层状、透镜状、囊状矿体。初步研究表明,斑状石英二长闪长岩位于矿体下盘,为复式次火山岩侵入体,与铜-金-银(钼)矿化具有密切的时空联系,是区域上火山岛弧环境下产出的哈帕兰达侵入-火山岩套的一部分,具有典型斑岩型矿床的特征。此外,流体包裹体和矿床年代学研究表明,艾蒂克铜-金-银(钼)矿床是高盐度流体演化的产物,经历了多次铜-金-钼-磁铁矿等多金属矿化的叠加,矿化阶段跨越近160Ma,具有典型的IOCG型矿床特征。艾蒂克铜-金-银(钼)矿床兼具斑岩型和IOCG型铜-金矿床的部分特征,其成因类型尚待进一步讨论。 相似文献
28.
四川盆地卧龙河储卤构造地下卤水的水化学特征及成因 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
四川盆地东部卧龙河储卤构造在深埋地下2000m左右的碳酸盐岩中赋存海相同生沉积卤水。该储卤构造的深部断裂、背斜西翼陡断带断层及破碎带构成了卤水的主要储集空间。卤水的矿化度为105.67~129.4g/L,为Cl-Na型水。将该深层卤水各水化学组分含量与对应的黄海水蒸发浓缩曲线对比,得知其富集Br-、I-、Sr2+、B2O3等微量元素或成分,K+不富集。卤水δD、δ18O资料显示其起源于古海水。利用离子系数及化学组分的分析结果,表明地下卤水在高温高压、封闭的还原环境中,发生了脱硫酸作用和白云岩化作用等化学成分演化作用。 相似文献
29.
关于密西西比河谷型(MVT)铅锌矿床的一些探讨 总被引：6，自引：3，他引：3
密西西比河谷型(MVT)铅锌矿床是全球最重要的铅锌矿床类型之一,由于其储量大、开发早,在成矿规律研究等方面均取得了重要进展,如成矿物质来源、成矿流体的驱动机制、成矿金属的迁移机制和沉淀富集机制、成矿时代、成矿模式等。文章在总结前人研究成果的基础上,主要从含矿建造和区域盆地卤水活动两个方面对MVT矿床的成矿规律进行了系统的总结和综合研究,厘定了MVT矿床的含矿建造,主要包括特定的含矿岩性组合、盆地中的红层、生烃层等,分析了区域盆地卤水活动对MVT矿床的制约,主要包括区域白云石化与MVT铅锌矿床的空间分布关系、与MVT铅锌矿床常伴生的其他类型矿床,并对MVT铅锌矿床的成因进行了初步的探讨。最后,认为特定的岩性组合(特别是砂岩、碳酸盐岩、泥页岩组合)、含矿岩系下部碎屑岩的褪色蚀变、区域红层盆地的广泛发育、生烃盆地的边缘、区域白云石化的前锋地带等,是MVT矿床及其伴生矿床找矿勘探的重要参考依据。 相似文献
30.
大陆裂谷盆地钾盐矿床特征与成矿作用 总被引：13，自引：0，他引：13
全球板块运动对表生成钾控制明显, 即从古生代到中新生代, 从巨型稳定克拉通陆表海盆成钾, 到中生代特提斯海域海盆成钾, 再到新生代的大陆裂谷盆地成钾, 地球表生成钾模式发生了重大转变; 成钾物质来源从海水补给为主, 转变为非海相(以火山活动带来深部物质和陆表水)与海相混合型, 甚至以非海相深部物质补给为主。全球裂谷成钾时期正好处于Pangea超大陆解体及新特提斯洋闭合时期, 成钾的裂谷型蒸发岩盆地也主要位于这两个构造域内, 这些进一步表明裂谷成钾是地球板块构造运动演化历史的必然结果。典型的裂谷盆地钾盐矿床有: 大西洋裂谷形成初期沉积的刚果(布)白垩纪钾盐矿、欧洲大陆莱茵地堑第三纪钾盐矿、非洲大陆埃塞俄比亚达纳基尔钾盐矿等; 同时, 还有众多裂谷盆地蕴藏有富钾卤水矿, 如死海裂谷富钾卤水、东非大裂谷一些富钾盐湖、美国加州索尔顿海高温富钾热卤以及中国江陵凹陷富钾热卤等。这些钾盐矿的共同特点是: 盆地内发育火山岩和温热泉, 具有深源补给的明显特征; 尽管裂谷盆地规模一般很小, 但形成的钾盐规模最大可达数十亿吨。总结世界大陆裂谷盆地钾盐矿床特征、物质来源与成矿作用, 提出了大陆裂谷型小盆地成钾模式。其裂谷成钾过程可分解为“二个阶段”, 第一阶段, 地表盐湖-太阳能作用, 第二阶段, 埋藏-岩浆热能作用; 成钾作用有三个, 即蒸发沉积作用、沉积后淋滤改造作用和埋藏变质改造作用。中国中新生代裂谷型盆地比较发育, 进一步研究大陆裂谷盆地成钾作用, 可以为此类盆地找钾提供理论依据和指导。 相似文献